礼貌2--面子理论.pptVIP

Politeness in Conversation 2 -- politeness is one of the various rational behaviors of a Model Person to satisfy one’s face wants Goffman– the notion of face Goffman proposes the “face” theory and defines “face” as “the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact. Face is an image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes.” ---- 1967 Face- work the fundamental idea: people living in a society do their best to save their face and not to lose it. It must be noted that face is a very fragile element that can be easily damaged by others. Therefore, when people communicate with each other, all participants are in charge of maintaining not only their own face, but also other peoples face. Establishing Face Face is located in flow of events -- feelings about face reinforced by encounters -- if better face is established – feel good -- if expectations are not fulfiled – feel bad or hurt -- Neutral experience– expected, not memorable Kinds of Face Rituals – Greetings Closings Corrective Process – Repair Apology Avoidance Process– Prevant Threats to Face Poise – Control Embarrassment Positive Face One can… Have face Be in face Maintain face Given face Save face Wrong Face One can also… Be in wrong face… Be out of face… Both result in feeling shame inferior Brown and Levinson Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena (1978) Politeness: Some Universals of Language Usage (1987) face FTA FST Brown and Levinson face is “means the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself or herself, or the emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize. In their view, face is divided into two categories: positive face and negative face. negative face: or the rights to territories, freedom of action and freedom from imposition; essentially the want that your actions be not impeded by others.