量度中心平均.pptVIP

Measuring Center or Average量度中心或平均 Stemplot: Mean:平均數 arithmetic average of observations Median: 中位數middle value of ... (in increasing order) 第 (n+1)/2 個 Mode:眾數 most frequent value among … Comparing mean and median平均值與中位數的比較 Both describe the center of a set of data Mean is strongly influenced by a few extreme values極端值 Measuring Variability or Spread度量變異性或離度 Highway gas mileagetb4-4f4-15 Quartiles四分位數: measuring spread First quartile Q1: the median of the observations to the left of the overall median Third quartile Q3 : the median of the observations to the right of the overall median 中間一半資料的離度? 由Q1與Q3來觀察 Five-number summary五數綜合 In symbols, the five-number summary is Minimum Q1 M中位數 Q3 Maximum Boxplot盒圖: ex19, p170 f4-16 Variance and standard deviation變異數與標準差 Standard deviation: measuring spread Variance Standard deviation s is the square root of s2 Ex calculating s Properties of standard deviation標準差的性質 s measures spread about the mean x use s for spread only when x (or x bar ) is used for center 標準差度量以平均值為中心的離度 s = 0 only if no spread Otherwise s 0 More spread out of observations ? s gets larger s and x are both strongly influenced by extremes Choosing numerical descriptions選擇適當的數值描述方式 Five-number summary is usually better than the mean and standard deviation for describing a skewed distribution偏斜分佈 Use x and s for reasonably symmetric distributions合理對稱的分佈 Composite Summary Measures 複合式度量 Summary Statistical Measures: The Proportion Example, p61 江支弘 M is the mean of the two center observations if n is even n: # of observations Median is not!! Ex16, p164中文 Stemplot: Ex11, p227 In the ordered list!! the center half of the data (between Q1 Q3) for “spread” M= median p250 P172中文:?最常用!!! Extreme observations, or outliers Tb4-4 江支弘