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Mythological and Archetypal ApproachesContentsJungian Psychology and Its Archetypal Insights 1.Some Special Archetypes: Shadow, Persona, and Anima 2.“Young Goodman Brown”: A Failure of Individuation 3. Syntheses of Jung and AnthropologyB.C.Myth Criticism and the American Dream: Huckleberry Finn as the American AdamD.“Everyday Use ”: The Great [Grand] MotherIV.Limitations of Myth CriticismB. Jungian Psychology and Its Archetypal InsightsThe second major influence on mythological criticism is the work of C. G. Jung, the great psychologist-philosopher and onetime student of Freud who broke with the master because of what he regarded as a too-narrow approach to psychoanalysis. Jung believed libido (psychic energy)to be more than sexual; also, he considered Freudian theories too negative because of Freud’s emphasis on the neurotic rather than the healthy aspects of the psyche. (p177 paragraph2)Jung’s primary contribution to myth criticism is his theory of racial memory and archetypes. In developing this concept, Jung expanded Freud’s theories of the personal unconscious, asserting that beneath this is a primeval, collective unconscious shared in the psychic inheritance of all members of the human family. (p177paragraph3)B. Jungian Psychology and Its Archetypal InsightsJust as certain instincts are inherited by the lower animals (for example, the instinct of the baby chicken to run from a hawks shadow), so more complex psychic predispositions(精神素质，即人种记忆) are inherited by human beings. Jung believed that “Mind is not born as a tabularasa [a clean slate]. Like the body, it has its pre-established individual definiteness; namely, forms of behaviour. They become manifest in the ever-recurring patterns of psychic functioning”(Psyche and Symbol xv). Therefore what Jung called myth forming structural elements are ever present in the unconscious psyche, he refers to the manifestations of these elements as “motifs,” “primordial images,” or “archetypes”. (p178 paragraph2)Arc