语言学简明教程Chapter_3.ppt

Chapter 3 Phonology: Sound Patterns(音位/音系学): Phonetics phonology Both are concerned with the same aspect of language--the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is the study of sound production and properties. It is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. A phone(语音) — a speech sound; a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don’t, e.g. [ beit ] [ bait ], [spit] [pit]. For example, the words “pan” and “ban” differ only in the initial sound: ‘pan’ begins with /p/, and ‘ban’ with /b/. Therefore, /p/and /b/ are phonemes in English. The number of phonemes varies from one language to another. English is often considered to have 44 phonemes. For example, pat [ ph ] aspirated sport [p ] regular tip [ p ? ] unaspirated The above three phones of [ ph ] [ p ] [ p ? ] are called the allophones of the same phoneme/p/. Reflect Why do we pronounce /l/ differently when it occurs in different positions of words? [li:d], [fi:?], [helθ], [plei] e.g. beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait, bite, boat /bi:t/, /bit/, /bet/, /b ? t/, /but/, /bΛt/, /beit/, /bait/, /b?ut/ Exercise Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs? 1. pat, pen, main, more, heat, four, bun, fat, ban, chain, pan 2. tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, pit, heel Complementary distribution 互补分布 --allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. They do not