语言学简明教程 (1).ppt

Linguistics: A Concise Book 胡壮麟 李战子 Chapter 2 Phonetics:  Speech Sounds Classification of sounds Consonants辅音: consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off of air in the oral cavity. Vowels元音：vowels are produced without such obstruction so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived. Semi-vowels/semi-consonants: hot, yet, wet The phonetic properties of speech sounds The state of the vocal cords: voiced/voiceless sounds The position of the velum:nasal/oral sounds Places of articulation Manners of articulation The phonetic description of the consonants State of the vocal folds: voiceless State of the vocal folds: voicing (initial the widest aperture) State of the vocal folds: glottal stop Voiceless sounds清音, voiced sounds浊音 and glottal stop喉塞音 Voiceless sounds: when the vocal folds are apart, the air from the lungs can pass through easily, sounds produced in this way are voiceless. [p, t, f, s, k]. Voiced sounds: when the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other and the resultant sounds are voiced. [b, d, v, z, g]. (All vowels are voiced.) Glottal stop: when the vocal folds are totally closed, no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop.[] batman, button, The distinction of word class based on [voicing] advice, use: n. [s], v.[z]; belief, believe; proof, prove; life, live. The distinction of word class is based on [±voicing]依靠同一对辅音的清浊来区别同一概念的名词和动词的用法 Position of the velum: nasal/oral sounds [p, b, m] [m, n, ? ] When the velum is raised, the airstream passes through the mouth, sounds produced are oral sounds. When the velum is lowered, the entrance leading to nose is open, nasal sounds. Places of articulation发音部位 Places of articulation：where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of air. It refers to the point where consonant is