生物化学3_第02章核酸的结构与功能.ppt

思考题 核酸分子的化学组成 ? DNA与RNA结构化学组成上的主要区别是什么? DNA 的一级结构、二级结构及高级结构的定义? 多聚核苷酸是通过什么方式将核苷酸相连而成的链状聚合物? DNA双螺旋结构的要点?(作业) 影响双螺旋结构稳定性的主要因素 ? 三种主要的RNA及其功能? DNA变性、核酸分子杂交,DNA的Tm值与其所含的G+C比例的关系? 核酶的本质是什么? DNA 是主要的遗传物质 RNA 也是遗传物质----烟草花叶病毒(tobacco mosaic virus,TMV) Protein? Prion? 蛋白质可以自我复制?可以遗传? DNA 是遗传物质 (Appendix 1:) 证明DNA 是遗传物质的两大经典实验: 实验一:1944 年,Avery的经典试验证明细菌的遗传物质为DNA 实验二:1952 年,Hershey和Chase的经典试验证明T2噬菌体的遗传物质为DNA Neither heat-killed S-type nor live R-type bacteria can kill mice, but simultaneous injection of both can kill mice just as effectively as the live S-type. 实验一:细菌转化过程的核心是DNA The DNA of S-type bacteria can transform R-type bacteria into the same S-type. 转化过程的核心是DNA The genetic material of phage T2 is DNA. 实验二: T2 噬菌体的遗传物质被证明是DNA T2 噬菌体的遗传物质被证明是DNA(捣碎实验)。 Eukaryotic cells can acquire a new phenotype as the result of transfection by added DNA. 附: 实验三:外加DNA使真核细胞获得了新的表型 通过外加DNA,真核细胞获得了新的表型。 注:由于历史的原因,在真核生物中操作这样的试验被称为转染(Transfection),与细菌的转化相对应。 已知生物及大多数病毒中的遗传物质是DNA。 但是,有些病毒使用代替的核酸一RNA作位遗传物质。(尽管它的化学结构与DNA有一些细微的不同,但RNA能起到同样的作用。) 因此,遗传物质的本质是核酸。事实上,除了RNA 病毒以外,其遗传物质是DNA。 小结:主要遗传物质是DNA 知识回顾Knowledge Review 祝您成功! * * The forces stabilizing the DNA double helix can be overcome by heating the DNA in solution or by treating it with very high or very low pH (low pH will also damage the DNA, whereas high pH will simply separate the polynucleotide chains). When the strands of DNA separate, the DNA is said to be denatured (when high temperature is used to denature DNA, the DNA is said to be melted). Because some of the forces stabilizing the DNA double helix are contributed by base pairing interactions, and because A-T base pairs have only two hydrogen bonds in contrast to G-C base pairs which have three hydrogen bonds, regions of the DNA duplex that are A-T rich will denature first. Once denaturation has begun, there is a cooperative unwinding of the double helix that ultimately results in complete strand separation. Deoxyribonucleases (or DNases) are enzymes that cleave phospho

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