【课件】25排泄系统.pptVIP

Freshwater fishes With an osmotic pressure higher than surrounding water ? Water: tends to enter into the body ? Ions: tend to move out the body How do they make it? 1. Never drink 2. Modification of the kidney structure ? Nephrons 肾单位: numerous ? Glomeruli 肾小球: large ? Renal tubules 肾小管: short large quantities of water through glomeruli, little water is reabsorbed due to short renal tubules ?? producing a lot of dilute urine 3. Active transport of ions into the blood through the gills 鳃上皮细胞吸收水中的盐 4. Obtain some salts from food Some fishes encounter both fresh- and salt water during their lives — the reversible 可逆的 ions pumping mechanisms Salmon 大马哈鱼 3. Amphibians Water and ions gains through Food Highly permeable skin Reabsorption in the urinary bladder Water and ions losses through Evaporation The urinary bladder 4. Reptiles, birds, and mammals Metanephric kidneys 后肾 Some desert and marine reptiles and birds have salt glands 盐腺 to secrete excess salt To reduce evaporative water loss from lungs, many mammals have nasal cavities 鼻腔 that act as exchange systems The urinary system of human Two kidney ?? urine formation Two ureter 输尿管 Urinary bladder 膀胱 ?? temporary conservator Urethra 尿道 1. Structure of kidney Location: in the back of the abdominal cavity 腹腔, on either side of the lumbar 腰椎 Nephron 肾单位 ?? the structural and functional units of kidney proximal convoluted tubule 近曲小管 nephron loop 髓袢 distal convoluted tubule 远曲小管 renal corpuscle 肾小体 renal tubule 肾小管 renal glomerulus 肾小球 ?? capillary network renal capsule 肾球囊 ??hollow cavity wall 2. Mechanisms of urine formation Blood ? glomerular filtrate 原尿 in renal capsule and tubule ? urine 终尿 in ureter Protein, glucose Ammonia, urea, and uric acid Plasma More Few Urine Few More （几十到几百倍） Step one — filtration 过滤 of renal glomerulus 肾小球 Principle Retain useful components — blood cells, proteins, and other large solutes Let wastes pass through But some useful materials are also fil