生理学重要名词解释英文版.docVIP

Internal environment:内环境 refers to the liquid surrounding the cells in the body of multicellular animals, that is extracellular fluid. Homeostasis稳态: refers to a state of relatively constant of physical and chemical properties of internal environment, such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure and all kinds of liquid ingredients in the body, and so on. positive feedback正反馈: A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which amplifies that change negative feedback负反馈: A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which counteracts that change facilitated diffusion via carrier经载体易化扩散: Water soluble small molecules and ions under the carrier protein mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow concentration gradient facilitated diffusion via ion channel经通道易化扩散: All kinds of charged ions under the channel proteins mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow concentration gradient and potential gradient Primary active transport原发性主动转运: making direct use of energy derived from ATP to transport the ions across the cell membrane Secondary active transport次级主动转运: The ion gradients established by primary active transport permits the transport of other substances against their concentration gradients resting potential静息电位: A potential difference across the membranes of inactive cells, with the inside of the cell negative relative to the outside of the cell action potential动作电位: Some of the cells (excitable cells) are capable to rapidly reverse their resting membrane potential from negative resting values to slightly positive values. This transient and rapid change in membrane potential is called an action potential Excitation-contraction coupling兴奋收缩耦联: the mediation process of striated muscle cells generate action potentials and muscle filament contraction and relaxation. Hematocrit血细胞比容: The capacity percentage of the blood cells in the blood erythrocyte sedimentation rate红细胞沉降率: The distance that red blood cells settle in a tube of blood in o