毕业设计英文文献.docxVIP

毕业设计英文文献 篇一：本科毕业设计外文文献】 本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目： understanding project cost contingency - a 文献、资料发表(出版)日期： 2014.7.8 院 (部)：管理工程学院 专 业：工程造价 班 级 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 外文文献： understanding project cost contingency - a survey david baccarini department of construction management, curtin university of technology, po boxu1987, perth 6845, western australia, australia. abstract patrascu (1988) observed nearly two decades ago that contingency is probably the most misunderstood, misinterpreted, and misapplied word in project execution. since that time there has been little empirical research into project people s understanding of the concept of project cost contingency. this paper reports the results of a survey of 78 project practitioners copmrehensionof issues pertaining to project cost contingency. whilst there is consensus that cost contingency is a reserve of money which should be used for scope changes, a key finding is that there is a lack of appreciation that project cost contingency is a risk management notion. consequently, the majority of practitioners (77%) continue to use a deterministic percentage approach for estimating project cost contingency. furthermore, 46% of respondents work in organisations that do not have a policy on contingency and 36% do not manage the use of contingency. overall, this suggests there is significant room for improvement in the understanding, estimation and management of project cost contingency. keywords: contingency, project risk management. introduction there are three basic types of contingencies in projects: tolerance in the specification; float in the schedule; and, money in the budget (ciria 1996). it is the latter -projectcost contingency- that isthe focus of the research reported in this paper. the cost performance of building construction projects is a key success criterion for project sponsors. projects require budgets to set the sponsor s financial commitmentand provide the basis for cost control and measurement of cost p