英语语言学知识整理.docx

欢迎下载 欢迎下载 PAGE # Chapter 1 Introduction 语言学的定义 ： Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 问题 ：How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language? f It is a scie ntific study because it is based on the systematic inv estigati on of lin guistic data, con ducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. What the linguist has to do“first, then, but”: to observe and collect Ian guage facts and gen eralizatio ns are made about them. to formulate some hypotheses about the Ian guage structure. to check the hypotheses thus formed repeatedly aga inst the observed facts to fully prove their validity. The study of Ianguage as a whole is often called general linguistics普通语言学） 问题: What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? f phonetics （语音学）f the study of sounds fphonology （音位学） f study how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning fmorphology （形态学） fstudy the way in which symbols or morphemes are arranged and combined to form words. f syntax （句法学）f the study of rules of forming sentences fsemantics （语义学） f the study of meaning f pragmatics （语用学）f the con text of Ian guage use Sociolinguistics （社会语言学）： The studies of all these social aspects of Ianguage and its relation with society form the core of the branch. Psycholinguistics （语言心理学）： Relate the study of Ianguage to psychology Applied linguistics （应用语言学）：In a narrow sense it refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. Some important distinctions in linguistics: prescriptive （规定性）/descriptive （描写性） synchronic （共时）/diachronic （历时） speech （口语）/writing （书面语） Iangue （语言）/parole （言语） （the Swiss linguist F. de Saussu—— Course in General Linguistics） compete nee （语言能力）/performa nee （语言应用）（the America n lin guist N. Chomsky） traditional grammar （传统语法）/modern linguistics （现代语言学） 问题 ： in what b