语言学第六章chapter6.pptVIP

Chapter 6 Pragmatics ; 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Background 6.1.2 Definition 6.2 Micropragmatics 6.2.1 Reference（指称） 6.2.2 Dexis（指示） 6.2.3 Anaphora （照应） 6.2.4 Presupposition（预设） 6.3 Macropragmatics 6.3.1 Speech act theory（言语行为理论） 6.3.2 The Cooperative Principle（合作原则） 6.3.3 The Politeness Principle（礼貌原则）;6.1 Introduction;4;5;6;7;大家应该也有点累了，稍作休息;A melamed [/m?‘lɑ:m?d/，小学教师, Hebrew teacher] discovering that he had left his comfortable slippers back in the house, sent a student after them with a note for his wife. The note reads: `Send me your slippers with this boy`. When the student asked why he had written `your` slippers, the melamed answered: `Yold! [Fool!] If I wrote “my” slippers, she would read “my slippers and would send her slippers. What could I do with her slippers? So I wrote “your” slippers, shell read “your slippers and send me mine.”;Background of “Pragmatics”; Syntax addresses the formal relations of signs to one another, semantics the relation of signs to what they denote, and pragmatics the relation of signs to their users and interpreters. ; Pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. In this three-part distinction, only pragmatics allows humans into the analysis.; Definitions; ;6.2 Micropramatics;6.2.1 Reference;The key process here is called inference. An inference is any additional information used by the hearer to connect what is said to what must be meant. In pragmatics, the act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable a hearer or reader to identify something is called reference. ;6.2.2 Deixis;Five types of deixis 1. Person deixis: me, you, him, them. 2. Time deixis: now, then, tonight, last week. 3. Space/spatial/place deixis: here, there, and yonder. 4. Discourse deixis: temporal/spatial in the previous/next paragraph, or Have you heard this joke? in this chapter. 5. Social deixis: honorifics (敬语, Professor Li); kinship relationship (Li Jie [李姐] in Chinese