英文质量管理质量管理.pptxVIP

Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Statistical Studies ;Definition of Statistics;Types of Statistical Studies;Enumerative Studies;Basic Concepts Nonrandom samples are selected on the basis of convenience (convenience sample), the opinion of an expert (judgment sample), or a quota to ensure proportional representation of certain classes of items, units, or people in the sample (quota sample). All nonrandom samples have the same shortcoming theyre subject to an unknown degree of bias in their results. This bias is caused by the absence of a frame. Nonrandom samples should be used only when better information is too costly to obtain.; Random samples are selected so that every element in the frame has a known probability of selection. Types of random samples include simple, stratified, and cluster. All random samples allow generalized statements to be made about the frame from the sample. A random sample is selected by operationally defining a procedure that utilizes random numbers in the selection of the sampled items from the frame to eliminate bias and hold uncertainty within known limits.;Seven steps are involved in selecting a simple random sample: Step 1. Count the number of elements in the frame, N. Step 2. Number the elements in the frame from 1 through N. If N is 25, then the elements in the frame should be numbered from 01 through 25. All elements must receive an identification number with the same number of digits.;Step 3. Select a page in a table of random numbers. For example, selecting a page and starting point yields. ;Step 4. On the selected page of random numbers, select a column of numbers, select a starting point in that column, and use as many digits as there are digits in N (two digits in the case of N = 25). For example, beginning with the top of our column, selecting, and using the first two digits of each number in that column, the first random number is 19.;Step 5. Determine the necessary sample size. ? Step 6. From the chosen column on the selected