西方经济学重点_中英文.pdfVIP

. . . . . Represents 描述 Define 定义 Demonstrate 论证 Topic 1A Opportunity cost 机会成本 The highest-valued alternative that we give up to get something the opportunity cost of the activity chosen. 我們为了得到一些東西而放弃的 Explicit cost 显性成本 is a cost that involves actually laying out money. 花钱 I mplicit cost 隐性成本 does not require an outlay of money; it is measured by the value, in dollar terms, of the benefits that are forgone. 非实质性 Marginal Benefit 边际收益 指如果再多销售一单位的产品将会得到的 收益 ，或目前最后卖出的一单位的产品所得到 的收益 。边际收益在实现 利润最大化 中是一个非常重要的经济量，一般认为当边际收益等于 边际成本 时企业 达到 利润 最大化 Marginal Cost 边际成本 is the change in the total cost that arises when the quantity produced has an increment by unit. 指的是每一单位新增生产的产品（或者购买的产品）带来的总 成本 的增量 MC MR an incentive to do less of that activity 少刺激消费活动 MB MC an incentive to do more of that activity 多刺激消费活动 Production Possibilities Frontier PPF 生产可能性边界 is a graph representing production tradeoffs of an economy given fixed resources ( 假设、概念、图、移动） 用来表示经济社会在既定资源和技术条件下所能生产的各 种商品最大数量的组合，反映了 资源稀缺性 与选择性的经济学特征 Topic 2A Law of demand 需求法则 Other things remaining the same, the higher the price of a good/service, the smaller is the quantity demanded. 假设其他因素不变，当一物品价格增加，其需求量会下降 Law of supply 供给法则 Other things remaining the same, the higher the price of a good/service, the greater is the quantity supplied. 假设其他因素不变，当一件物品的相对价格上升时，其供给量会上升 Equilibrium 平衡 It means no shortage or surplus in the market. 市场中没有短缺或过剩 平衡点 Factors