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23. 详细阐述经济发展与金融发展之间的关系. 24. 什么是金融深化？金融深化对经济的影响有哪些？ SECTION P: Basic Concepts Primer Topic P.1: Bridge Mechanics Figure P.1.3 AASHTO H20 Truck Figure P.1.4 AASHTO HS20 Truck Example of an HS truck loading: HS20-44 indicates a vehicle with a front tractor axle weighing 4 tons, a rear tractor axle weighing 16 tons, and a semi-trailer axle weighing 16 tons. The tractor portion alone weighs 20 tons, but the gross vehicle weight is 36 tons. This standard truck loading was first published in 1944. In specifications prior to 1944, a standard loading of H15 was used. In 1944, the P.1.4 policy of affixing the publication year of design loadings was adopted. In specifications prior to 1965, the HS20-44 loading was designated as H20-S16-44, with the S16 identifying the gross axle weight of the semi-trailer in tons. The H and HS vehicles do not represent actual vehicles, but can be considered as umbrella loads. The wheel spacings, weight distributions, and clearance of the Standard Design Vehicles were developed to give a simpler method of analysis, based on a good approximation of actual live loads. The H and HS vehicle loads are the most common loadings for design, analysis, and rating, but other loading types are used in special cases. AASHTO Lane Loadings In addition to the standard truck loadings, a system of equivalent lane loadings was developed in order to provide a simple method of calculating bridge response to a series, or “train”, of trucks. Lane loading consists of a uniform load per linear foot of traffic lane combined with a concentrated load located on the span to produce the most critical situation (see Figure P.1.5. For design and load capacity rating analysis, an investigation of both a truck loading and a lane loading must be made to determine which produces the greatest stress for each particular member. Lane loading will generally govern over truck loading for longer spans. Both the H and HS loadings have corresponding lane loads. SECTION P: Basic Concept