论内疚与美德的培养.pdfVIP

论内疚与美德的培养 内容摘要 在美德伦理学看来，道德情感是美德的表现和培养中的重要环节，诸如同情、 恐惧、怜悯、羞耻等情感都受到了这种理论的关注。但是，内疚，作为一种与道 德反思密切相关的情感，却一直没有得到美德伦理学家们的充分重视。随着研究 的深入，美德伦理学家开始注意到内疚对于美德培养的重要作用，但部分学者对 于它在美德培养中起负面作用的看法仍旧存在。本文试图在美德伦理学复兴的背 景和一种具有多元性特征的美德概念的指导下，以内疚作为讨论的核心，梳理学 界对内疚与美德培养关系的不同看法，并结合当代道德心理学的实证研究，尝试 在内疚对美德培养的积极作用上做进一步的拓展和延伸。一方面，内疚能够促进 移情式关切。内疚关注行动者的行为对他人造成的影响，与以他人为指向的移情 机制有正相关作用。而移情式关切作为一种美德，能够引发助人行为，抑制攻击 性行为。另一方面，内疚，尤其是虚拟内疚，能够作为道德动机激发行动者的道 德行为。内疚情感一旦产生，就会成为行动者采取补偿行为的动机力量，从而促 使行动者进行道德上的自我调节和自我教育，进而实现美德的培养。在此基础上， 本文从反面回应了两种有代表性的质疑：一种观点认为，内疚对心理健康有负面 影响；另一种观点认为，内疚所驱动的帮助行为并不具备道德内涵。本文通过结 合相关经验证据论证了这两种消极观点并不构成对内疚与美德培养关系的挑战。 关键词：内疚，情感，羞耻，美德，移情 I Abstract In the view of virtue ethics, moral emotion is important in the expression and cultivation of virtue, and sympathy, fear, pity, shame or other emotions have received their attention. However, guilt, as an emotion closely related to moral reflection, has not been fully valued by virtue ethicists. With the deepening of the study, virtue ethicists began to pay attention to the important role of guilt in virtue cultivation, but some scholars still hold the view that guilt plays a negative role in virtue cultivation. Under the background of the revival of virtue ethics and the guidance of a concept of virtue with pluralistic characteristics, this paper attempts to take guilt as the core of the discussion, comb different views on the relationship between guilt and virtue cultivation, and combine with the empirical research of contemporary moral psychology in order to further expand and extend the positive effect of guilt on virtue cultivation. On the one hand, guilt can promote empathetic concern. Guilt is concerned about the impact of agents behaviour on others,