消化腺运动与健康.pdf

Digestive glands 消化腺  salivary glands 唾液腺: parotid gland 腮腺 submandibular gland 下颌下腺 sublingual gland 舌下腺  liver 肝  pancreas 胰腺 Probiotics, fibre diarrhea constipation The liver •External features •Position •Internal structure •Gallbladder and the biliary ducts  The external features: cuniform 1.2 ~ 1.5 kg (male) 1.0 ~ 1.3 kg (female) 2 extremities : right (larger)left(smaller) 2 surfaces: diaphragmatic surface 膈面 visceral surface 脏面 2 borders: anterior border posterior border diaphragmatic (superior) surface: 2 ligaments: falciform ligament 镰状韧带 coronary ligament 冠状韧带 right triangular ligament left triangular ligament 2 lobes: right lobe (large) left lobe (small) bare area 裸区 visceral (inferior) surface: “H” shaped groove: the fissure for ligamentum teres hepatis （肝圆韧带） the fissure for ligamentum venosum （静脉韧带） the fossa for gallbladder （胆囊）the fossa for vena cava （下腔静脉） (the secondary porta hepatis and hepatic veins ) the transverse fissure 横裂 ( porta hepatis 肝门) • proper hepatic artery肝固有动脉, hepatic ducts 肝管, •hepatic portal vein 肝门静脉, nerves , lymphatic vessels 4 lobes: • the right and left lobes, the caudate lobe 尾叶, the quadrate lobe 方叶 porta hepatis 肝门静脉 • The anterior border: the notch for ligamentum teres hepatis 肝圆韧带切迹 the notch for gallbladder 胆囊切迹 • The posterior border: bare area 裸区  The position Position: right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. • right half of the anterior border at the same level of the right costal arch • at the middle line of the body, the anterior border below the xiphoid process about 2-4cm. Relations: diaphragmatic surface （膈面）- - diaphragm, lungs, pleura and pleural cavities, heart, pericardium and peri