论文引用及参考文献写作方法.pptVIP

引用与参考文献 ? Citation can be done through ? direct quotation ? or by paraphrasing ? or summarizing Citing Sources ? verbs for citations ? Reporting something the author did ? observe, discover, notice, demonstrate, find, report, describe, determine, discern, show, assess, study, analyze, calculate, examine, investigate, identify, prove, establish, conclude, develop, conduct, make ? Reporting something the author stated WEAKER STRONGER ? comment affirm ? describe emphasize ? discuss stress ? indicate maintain ? note stipulate ? remark explain, conclude ? write clarify, identify ? Reporting the author s opinion ? WEAKER STRONGER ? accept argue believe assert ? view, see claim ? question contend ? query deny ? think, recommend ? suggest reject ? propose advocate ? suspect maintain ? speculate conclude consider ? You should consult a dictionary – A good one is the Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary, which is also available online at ? Many of the verbs in the table are used with the conjunction that e.g. ? Mahoney (1998, pp.10 – 12) established that this reaction is in fact … ? When Smith and Sampson (1989, p.98) contended that this position was untenable, they were … Some of the verbs cannot be used with ‘ that : describe , assess , study , analyze , examine , investigate , discuss , clarify , question , query and reject e.g. Martin and Baker (1980) examined the issue from a different pers