《基础医学各论2》资料：消化管.pptVIP

十二指肠 回肠 空肠 小肠 small intestine 十二指肠腺（duodenal gland） 空肠（jejunum） 回肠（ileum） * c. muscularis mucosa: inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscles. 2. Submucosa: LCT containing large blood, lymph vessels and nerves. Contains isolated lymphoid nodules. 3. Muscularis: Inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscles. The nerve plexus (intramural ganglia) exist between the 2 layers, responsible for intestine wring. 4. Adventitia: Serous membrane. * B. Duodenum: Has similar structures to that of jejunum except that: 1. Absorptive cells in epithelium secrete enterokinase. 2. In its submucosa exist the duodenal glands that secrete basic mucus containing epidermal growth factor (EGF). 3. Villi are leaf-shaped. Fibrous membrane exists behind the duodenum. * C. Ileum: Has similar structures to that of jejunum except that: 1. In mucosa and submucosa exist the aggregated lymphoid nodules known as Peyer’s patches. 2. Microfold cells (M cells) exist in the epithelium projection that covers the Peyer’s patches, where no villus and gland can be found. 大肠 * 大肠 盲肠 结肠 直肠 阑尾 肛管 无 绒毛 潘氏细胞 环形皱襞 有 大肠腺 结肠带 脂肪垂 腔小不规则，腺短少 淋巴组织极丰富 粘膜肌很不完整 上皮骤变 丰富的静脉丛 括约肌 * 大肠图 结肠（ileum） * 部分结肠粘膜 * 阑尾 无绒毛,肠腺少. 固有层:大量LT. 浆膜. 直肠－肛门交界（rectum-annus juncture） * 八、消化管粘膜免疫功能 * 分泌性免疫系统： 消化管识别抗原、产生抗体并排泄到管腔内的结构和功能构成机体的第一道防线。 B细胞→浆细胞→IgA→分泌片→S IgA → 局部抑制细菌和病毒。 * 胃肠道内分泌细胞 概念：散布在胃肠道上皮和腺体内的分泌肽 类激素的细胞（属APUD系统） 结构特征：细胞基部有分泌颗粒 颗粒具嗜铬性或嗜银性 分类：开放型和闭合型 作用方式： ①内分泌作用 ②神经递质作用 ③旁分泌作用 * 需银染才能分清，又称嗜银细胞或基底颗粒细胞。分 开放型：呈锥体型，有微绒毛伸入肠腔， 感受刺激分泌 激素。 闭合型：呈椭圆形，顶部被相邻细胞覆盖，感受局部环 境变化而分泌激素。 胃肠内分泌细胞 * 肠上皮内的微皱褶细胞（M细胞），游离面有短小的微绒毛和微皱褶，基底面的细胞膜内陷形成凹腔，腔内有2-10个淋巴细胞 消化管的分泌免疫系统 * M cells are specialized antigen presenting cells that are derived from epithelial cells. M cell has incomplete basal lamina and large basal invagination containing macrophages and lymphoc