培训课件数学专业英语(吴炯圻-第2版)2-3.ppt

yggt yggt yggt yggt yggt yggt yggt yggt yggt yggt yggt yggt yggt yggt yggt New Words Expressions: brace 大括号 roster 名册 consequence 结论，推论 roster notation 枚举法 designate 标记，指定 rule out 排除，否决 diagram 图形，图解 subset 子集 distinct 互不相同的 the underlying set 基础集 distinguish 区别，辨别 universal set 全集 divisible 可被除尽的 validity 有效性 dummy 哑的，哑变量 visual 可视的 even integer 偶数 visualize 可视化 irrelevant 无关紧要的 void set(empty set) 空集 2.3 集合论的基本概念 Basic Concepts of the Theory of Sets The concept of a set has been utilized so extensively throughout modern mathematics that an understanding of it is necessary for all college students. Sets are a means by which mathematicians talk of collections of things in an abstract way. 3－A Notations for denoting sets 集合论的概念已经被广泛使用，遍及现代数学，因此对大学生来说，理解它的概念是必要的。集合是数学家们用抽象的方式来表述一些事物的集体的工具。 Sets usually are denoted by capital letters; elements are designated by lower-case letters. 集合通常用大写字母表示，元素用小写字母表示。 We use the special notation to mean that “x is an element of S” or “x belongs to S”. If x does not belong to S, we write . 我们用专用记号来表示x是S的元素或者x属于S。如果x不属于S，我们记为。 When convenient, we shall designate sets by displaying the elements in braces; for example, the set of positive even integers less than 10 is displayed as {2,4,6,8} whereas the set of all positive even integers is displayed as {2,4,6,…}, the three dots taking the place of “and so on.” 如果方便，我们可以用在大括号中列出元素的方式来表示集合。例如，小于10的正偶数的集合表示为{2,4,6,8}，而所有正偶数的集合表示为{2,4,6,…}, 三个圆点表示 “等等”。 The dots are used only when the meaning of “and so on” is clear. The method of listing the members of a set within braces is sometimes referred to as the roster notation. 只有当省略的内容清楚时才能使用圆点。在大括号中列出集合元素的方法有时被归结为枚举法。 The first basic concept that relates one set to another is equality of sets: 联系一个集合与另一个集合的第一个基本概念是集合相等。 DEFINITION OF SET EQUALITY Two sets A and B are said to be equal (or identica