新编简明英语语言学教程-戴炜栋6-12章复习资料.docx

1.Major sense relations (1)Synonymy: 同 关系 refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. ①Dialectal synonyms —synonyms used in different regional dialects. Eg. British English: autumn. American English: fall. ②Stylistic synonyms---Synonyms differing in style. Eg. Start, begin, commence ③Synonyms that different in their emotive or evaluative meaning. Eg. The two words collaborator and accomplice are synonymous inthat they share the meaning of “ a person who helps anot but they differ in that a collaborator helps another in doing something good, while an accomplice helps another ina criminal act. ④Semantically different synonyms. Eg. The two words amaze and astound are very close in meaning to the word surprise, but have very subtle differences. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, astound suggests difficulty in believing. ⑤Collocational synonyms. Eg. charge ? . With, rebuke ? .for, sour milk (2).Polysemy: 多 象 It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. Eg. If we look up he word “ ta any dictionary, we will find the following meanings: 1)a piece of furniture, 2)all the people seated at table, 3)the food that is put on the table, 4)a thin flat piece of stone, metal, wood, etc, and so on (3).Homonymy 同音异 refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. 1) Homophones 同音异 — when two words are identical in sound. Eg. Meet/meat; son/sun; night/knight; Homonymy Homographs 同形异 —when two words are identical in spelling. Eg. minute n/minute adj; tear v./ tear n ; lead v./lead n. Complete homonyms —when two words are identical in both spelling and sound. Eg. Fast adj./ fast v. scale n./scale v. (4).Hyponymy 下 关系 It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is