4.2 句法特征-时态语态.pdf

Syntactic Features – Tense and Voice Contents 1. Use of tense 2. Use of voice 1. Use of tense • Simple Present tense • Simple Past tense • Present perfect tense • Past perfect tense • Simple Future tense • Present progressive tense Simple present tense • Describe something happening now Eg. This section summarizes the results of the survey. Simple present tense • Describe currently valid and relevant conclusions. • The publication can be recent or centuries old Eg. Malone (2003) discusses nursing care in the context of nested proximities. Eg. In her Notes on Nursing (1860), Florence Nightingale includes practices for cleanliness and observation of the sick. Simple present tense • Indicate something that is believed to be always true, including a general truth or fact, a general law or a conclusion supported by research results • Eg. These results demonstrate that… Simple present tense • Describe an apparatus (because it always works the same way) • Eg. This thermometer gives an accurate reading in all weather conditions. Simple present tense • State research objectives Eg. The purpose of this study is to examine… [note: past tense is also used] Simple past tense • Describe something that began and ended in the past, mostly in the methods or results sections of a research report Eg. Participants performed a series of clinically functional movements ... Simple past tense • Describe previous work on which the current work is based Eg. Smith’s (2015) study collected data on the drug’s effect in the pediatric population that is similar to ours. Simple past tense • Describe a fact, law, or finding that is no longer considered valid and relevant Eg. Nineteenth-century physicians held that women got migraines because they were “the weaker sex,” but current research shows that the causes of migraine are unrelated to gender. Simple past tense • State research objectives Eg. The purpose of this study was t