语言学考试要点(考试重点整理).docxVIP

Chapter?1?Introduction 1. What?is?linguistics? Linguistics?is?generally?defined?as?the?scientific?study?of?language. 2. The?scope?of?linguistics: (1?).?phonetics?语音学 ；?phonology?音位学；?morphology?形态学；?syntax?句法学； pragmatics?语用学 (2).?sociolinguistics?社会语言学；?psycholinguistics?心理语言学； applied?linguistics?应用语言学 3. Some?important?distinction?in?linguistics (1)?Descriptive?vs.?prescriptive?描述性与规定性 ① If?a?linguistics?study?aims?to?describe?and?analyze?the?language?people?actually?use, it?is?said?to?be?descriptive; ② If?the?linguistics?study?aims?to?lay?down?rules?for?”correct?and?standard”behavior in?using?language,?i.e.?to?tell?people?what?they?should?say?and?what?they?should not?say,?it?is?said?to?be?prescriptive. (2)Synchronic?vs.?diachronic?共时性与历时性 ①?A?synchronicdescription?takes?a?fixed?instant?(usually,?but?not?necessarily,?the present)?as?its?point?of?observation.?Most?grammars?are?of?this?kind. ②?Diachronic?linguistics?is?the?study?of?a?language?through?the?course?of?its?history. (2)?Langue??parole?语言与会话 ①?Language?refers?to?the?abstract?linguistic?system?shared?by?all?the?members?of?a speech?community. ②?Parole?refers?to?the?realization?of?language?in?actual?use. (4)Competence?and?performance?语言能力与语言运用 ①?A?language?users?unconsciousknowledge?about?the?system?of?rules?is?called?his linguistic?competence. ②?Performance?refers?to?the?actual?use?of?language?in?concrete?situations. (5)speech?and?writing?语言与文字 Speech?and?writing are?the?two?major?media?of?communication. (6)traditional?grammar?and?modern?linguistic?传统语法与现代语言学 4. Definition?of?language: Language?is?a?system?of?arbitrary?vocal?symbols?used?for?human?communication. Language?is?a?system,?i.e.,?elements?of?language?are?combined?according?to?rules. Language?is?arbitrary?in?the?sense?that?there?is?no?intrinsic?connection?between?a?linguistics symbol?and?what?the?symbol?stands. Language?is?vocal?because?the?primary?medium?for?all?languages?is?sound. The?term “?human”?in?the?definition?is?meant?to?specify?that?lang