《国际工程英语》课件Foundation Engineering.ppt

L/O/G/O Foundation Engineering Ⅰ Soils Introduction ⑴ Description aggregation of particles; weathering of rock ⑵ Components particles (or solids), voids between particles, water in some of the voids, and air taking up the remaining void space. ⑶ Classifications (according to whether it is transported) ① Residual soil from weathering of parent rock at the present location 未经搬运的残积土体 angular rock fragments of varying sizes ② Transported soils from rock weathered at one location and transported by wind, water, ice, or gravity to the present site. Preferred：residual soils (better engineering properties) ⑷ Special Terms ① Void ratio 孔隙比 ② Porosity 孔隙率 ③ Water content 含水率 ④ Unit weight 土的密度 / 重度 ⑤ Degree of saturation 饱和度 ⑥ Specific gravity 土粒比重 2. Types of Soils 7 types: rock, gravel, sand, silt, clay, artificial fill, special soil ⑴ Gravel > 4.75 mm; cohesionless; mineral grain; good foundation soil ⑵ Sand < 4.75 mm; cohesionless; mineral grain; good foundation soil ⑶ Silt fine particles; little or no plasticity; not quite suitable ⑷ Clay microscopic and sub-microscopic particles; plastic (with water); low permeability not good Ⅱ Foundation Definition The foundation is the part of a building’s substructure that transmits to, and into, the underlying soil or rock the loads supported by the foundation and its self-weight. 2. Foundation Classifications ⑴ According to the depth ① Shallow foundation 3-5 m depth < width ② Deep foundation > 5 m piles, drilled piers, drilled caisson, continuous concrete wall ⑵ According to the materials used ① Lime clay foundation 灰土基础 lime, clay and water ② Brick foundation ③ Rubble foundation 毛石基础 natural, irregular stone ④ Concrete foundation ⑤ Reinforced concrete foundation ⑶ According to the mechanical behavior (受力性能) ① Rigid foundation 刚性基础 rigid materials, such as brick, stone, lime clay and concrete (high compressive strength, low shear strength and bending strength) ② Flexible foundation 柔性基础 reinforc