曼昆经济学定义.pptx

Chapter1 Scarcity(缺乏): the limited nature of society’s resources. Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scare resources. Equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost( 机 会 成 本 ): whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Rational people: people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives. Marginal changes(边际变量)：small incremental(增加的) adjustments to a plan of action. Incentive: something that induces a person to act. Market economy( 市场经济):an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Property rights(产权): the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources. Market failure(市场失灵)：a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality(外部性): the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power(市场势力): the ability of a single economic actor(or a small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. 如 ： 垄 断 monopoly Productivity: the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Business cycle: fluctuations(起伏) in economic activity, such as employment and production.;Chapter2 Circular-flow diagram(循环流动图): a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms. Production possibilities frontier( 生产能力边界线) ： a graph that shows the combination of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.产出的组合 ，经济可 能产生的可用因素的生产和现有的生产技术. Positive statements(实证表述)：claims that attempt to describe the world as it is. Normative stateme