药物滥用与药物依赖要求.pptVIP

;;;毒品问题 2003年底登记的吸毒人数已达105万人 酒依赖及酒相关问题:酒依赖患病率3.73% 镇静催眠药物的滥用 吸烟相关的病症;;;;;基本概念(5): 耐受性(Tolerance);;;;整个社区（社会）的稳定程度: 经济动荡, 价值观念更迭, 易感人群增多。滥用药物危险度=精神压力/(社会网+社会应付能力+社会资源) 团伙的影响 ;;;Reward(犒赏) The pleasurable feelings provide positive reinforcement(正性强化) so that the behavior is repeated. There are natural rewards as well as artificial rewards, such as drugs. Humans, as well as other organisms engage in behaviors that are rewarding; ;Natural rewards Food, water, sex and nurturing: allow the organism to feel pleasure when eating, drinking, procreating and being nurtured. Pleasurable feelings reinforce the behavior so that it will be repeated. Reinforced behaviors is required for the survival of the species. There is a pathway in the brain that is responsible for rewarding behaviors. ;The Reward Pathway;Specific brain areas and the neurochemicals involved in the reward pathway. When an electrode is placed in the nucleus accumbens, the rat keeps pressing the lever to receive the small electrical stimulus because it feels pleasurable-positive reinforcement. Increased release of dopamine in the reward pathway after the rat receives the reward. Dopamine release is prevented, the rat wont press the bar for the electrical jolt. ;;It is clear that addiction is a disease of the brain.;In the case of heroin, withdrawal can be very serious and the abuser will use the drug again to avoid the withdrawal syndrome. ;VTA and nucleus accumbens;滥用药物分类;毒品的分类 按照国际禁毒公约可将其分为三大类 ;;;;;;;;;类别(8): 烟草 (Nicotine);;;;12月1日是世界艾滋病日，中国官方统计，目前为止，中国大陆已有84万名艾滋病毒患者，并以每年30%的惊人速度成长，如果不采取有效措施，预估2010年，中国的艾滋病感染人数将超过千万人，届时艾滋病的流行将成为中国的国家性灾难。 中国在1985年发现首例艾滋病例，十多年来，根据中国官方公布的数据，感染人数已快速成长到84万人，传染途径以静脉注射吸毒、性行为接触以及母婴垂直感染为主。 ;;; 美国：仅次于心血管疾病、肿瘤，居于第三位的公共卫生问题，住院患者中，1/4疾病与酒有关。 中国：80年代，酒依赖患病率：4.4%，（重庆），1992年，3.7 %（北京）。绝大多数对于有关问题缺乏了解，未得到有效的治疗。;;;肢体震颤、激越静坐不能、恶心、呕吐、大汗、易激惹、感知异常、幻觉。严重者出现震颤谵妄，癫痫大发作，可致死，应积极治疗。;震颤谵妄（delirium tremens);;（三）醉酒 普通醉酒：多见。一次大量饮酒后出现的反常行为表现：行为脱抑制，冲动行为，判断力下降，共济失调，言语不清，水平眼震，记忆丧失。 复杂醉酒： 病理性醉酒：少量饮酒后出现中毒