英语语言学Three[共104页].pptVIP

Chapter Three;Three elements in language: ;“Without grammar, very little can be conveyed; without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.” (Wilkins, 1972);“No matter how well the student learns grammar, no matter how successfully he masters the sounds of a second language, without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in that language cannot happen in any meaningful way.” (McCarthy, 1990);Your vocabulary can be divided into: speaking vocabulary writing vocabulary reading vocabulary guess vocabulary;;;Lexicon has two meanings: 1. lexicon is the collection of all the words of a language. 2. lexicon is the analysis and creation of words.;Lexicon ;1. What is Word?;1.1 Features of Words 1) Stability 2) Relative uninterruptibility 3) A minimum free form; 1) Stability (稳定性) Stability means that the constituents of word can not be rearranged. ;2) Relative uninterruptibility (相对连续性) It means that word cannot be interrupted and nothing can be inserted into a word. ;3) A minimum free form (最小自由形式) By “ minimum free form”, Bloomfield means that word is the smallest unit which can be used as a complete utterance. e.g. ---- Will you help me? ---- Certainly. ;1.2 Classifications of Words;1)Variable and invariable words (可变化词和不变词) Variable words refer to the words which can have inflectional endings(曲折后缀).; follow mat clear fast follows mats clearer faster following clearest fastest followed ;2) Grammatical and lexical words （语法词和词汇词） Grammatical or function words refer to those words whose role is largely or wholly grammatical, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.; Lexical or content words carry lexical meanings or main content of a language, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. ;3) Closed-class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词) Lexical words are sometimes called open-class word