国际贸易原理与实务资料整理.docx

1?贸易分类 Classification of international trade : Export trade , Import trade , Transit trade。 Direct trade , Indirect trade , Entrepot trade。 Visible trade, Invisible trade. ICC : International Chamber Of Commercial(国际商会) Mercantilism 重商:refers to the school of economic thought that came into existenee in Europe during the period from 1500 to 1750. the trade theory that states that nations should accumulate finan cial wealth, usually in the form of gold, by en couragi ng exports and discourag ing imports is called mercantilism. The main problem with mercantilism is that all countries engaged in export but was restricted from import, ano ther preve nti on from developme nt of intern atio nal trade. absolute of advantage 绝对优势： Adam Smith developed the trade theory of absolute adva ntage in 1776. Smith stated that tariffs and quotas should not restrict intern ati onal trade 。 it should be allowed to flow accord ing to market forces. Con trary to merca ntilism Smith argued that a country should concen trate on product ion of goods in which it holds an absolute adva ntage. No country would then need to produce all the goods it consumed. According to the absolute advantage theory, international trade is a positive-sum game, because there are gains for both coun tries to an excha nge. Comparative Advantage 相对优势:first introduced by David Ricardo in 1817. The principle of comparative advantage states that a country should specialise in producing and exporting those products in which is has a comparative, or relative cost, adva ntage compared with other coun tries and should import those goods in which it has a comparative disadvantage. Out of such specialisatio n, it is argued, will accrue greater ben efit for all. Reasons for trade restrictions :① a diversified economy to be less dependent on foreign countries both economically and politically. ② Protect vital industries (stability and economic development). Infant in dustry argume nt (a new in dustry n eeds to be protected u