特殊行业审计（英文版）---- Auiting Retail Cmpanies.doc

48 Auditing Retail Companies 48.1 ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES??? (a) Inventory,??? (i) Cost Method,???(ii) Gross Profit Method,???(iii) Retail Method,???(iv) Last-in, First-out Methods,???(v) Stock Ledger,???(vi) Transfers,???(vii) Physical Inventories,???(viii) Shrinkage,??? (b) Leases,???(c) Asset Impairment,???(d) 52-53 Week Year,???(e) Preopening Costs,???(f) Store Closing Reserves,???(g) Slotting Fees,???(h) Discounts and Rebates,???(i) Advertising,???(j) Commissions,???(k) Separately Priced Service Contracts,???(l) Consignment Inventory,???(m) Layaways,???(n) Area Franchise Fees,???(o) Credit Card Sales,??? 48.2 RISK FACTORS AND AUDIT REACTION??? (a) Financial Ratios and Performance Indicators,??? 48.3 TYPICAL TRANSACTIONS, CONTROLS, AND AUDIT TESTS??? (a) Information Technology,???(b) Revenue Cycle,??? (i) Cash/Credit/Layaway Sales,???(ii) Controls over Sales,???(iii) Substantive Tests,??? (c) Purchasing Cycle,???(d) Inventory Cycle,??? (i) Price Adjustments,???(ii) Retail Method,???(iii) Substantive Tests,??? (e) Payroll Cycle,???(f) Leasing Cycle,???(g) Arrangements with Vendors,??? Retailing is the selling of goods to the ultimate consumer, usually in small quantities. Retailers vary greatly in size, format, geographical base, product mix, sophistication, and type of customer. Although there are many ways to categorize retailers (for example, by type of customer or product line), one of the most useful ways for purposes of understanding their business processes is to classify them according to whether they are store-based or direct response retailers. Store-based retailers include department stores, supermarkets, warehouse stores, home centers, outlets, and drug stores-any retailer that sells merchandise from a physical location where consumers come to purchase products. Direct response retailers include catalog merchants, cable television home shopping services, and computer-based shopping services. These