整理including用法总结.pptxVIP

Including 用法（1）RON 说过：the comma + ing modifier should only be used when:(A)it MODIFIES THE ENTIRE ACTION of the preceding clause, and it APPLIES TO THE SUBJECT of that clause;AND(B)one of the following is true:(1) the ing action is SIMULTANEOUS with the main action;- i ran down the sidewalk, flapping my arms wildly(2) the ing action is a DIRECT CONSEQUENCE of the main action.- i got a 100 on the most recent exam, bringing my average up to 91 other examples:joe ran down the sidewalk, flailing his arms.? correct (simultaneous)my cousin took extra classes every semester in college, graduating in three years.? correct, because the ing is an actual consequence of the first action.my cousin ate frozen food every day in college, graduating in three years.-- incorrect, because there is no relationship (in particular, the second thing is not a consequence of the first thing, and isnt simultaneous either).所以那个including 不可能修饰authenticity，要不修饰前面句子，要不句子主语作伴随； 但是如果根据（1）说的，那么有时候including 修饰前面句子和主语作伴随不合理；（2）但是RON 又说过：important:INCLUDING is an EXCEPTION to the otherwise robust rules for comma+ingmodifiers.when you see comma + including, you should think of including as a preposition, not as an -ing modifier. therefore, including X will become a prepositional phrase that describes the stuff preceding the comma.即吖 RON 说，including 可以作介词，可以不一定修饰前面句子或名词， 或伴随；是 ..., V-ing 的一个例外exception。comma + including即RON:can stand for the preceding NOUN -- orthe preceding NOUN + MODIFIERS, if there are modifiers attached to the noun.例题：GWD-29-Q10 与 GWD-3-Q3(新 PREP1#215)对比Including 修饰 instructionsThe principal feature of the redesigned checks is a series of printed instructions that the company hopes will help merchants confirm a check’s authenticity, which includes reminders to watch the endorsement, compare signatures, and view the watermark while holding the check to the light.which includes reminders to watch the endorsement, compare signatures, and viewwhich include reminders for watc