电磁场与电磁波课件(电子科大)-FWEJ-Ch.07.pptVIP

Radiation is associated with a time-varying electromagnetic field while static field must be tied to a source, and the static field is called the bound field. The transition from rear-field to far-field depends not only on the distance but also the time rate of change of the source. At a point close to a time-varying charge or current, the field varies almost in synchronism with the source. The field in this region is called the near field, which is quasi-static in nature. At a point very far away from the source, the delay in the action of the field with respect to the source will become highly noticeable. The field in this region is referred to as the far field, and it is called radiation field. A transmission antenna needs to be excited by a high frequency current in order to radiate efficiently, while the 50Hz power line current has little radiation effect. The change with respect to time in he scalar electric potential ? and the vector magnetic potential A is always lagging behind the sources. Hence the functions ? and A are called the retarded potentials. Since the time factor implies that the evolution of the field precedes that of the source, it violates causality, and must be abandoned. The time factor can be rewritten as For a point charge placed in open free space this reflective wave cannot exist. Hence, the function can be considered as a wave traveling toward the origin as a reflected wave from a distant location. For surface or line charge and current, consider the following substitutions: All of the above equations are valid only for linear, homogeneous, and isotropic media. We obtain 6. Energy Density and Energy Flow Density Vector The density of energy of a time-varying electromagnetic field is given by For a linear isotropic media Since a time-varying electromagnetic field ch