动力气象学教学课件dynamic-review.pptVIP

P245第4题 地转平衡的实现依赖于重力惯性波对扰动能量的频散，而能量频散的速度，一方面取决于波的群速，另一方面取决于扰动能量的初始分布。扰动能量分布范围越广，即扰动水平尺度越大，强度越强，则能量频散时间越长，即达到地转适应状态所需时间就越长。所以，如果非地转气流充满全场，则永远也不会达到地转平衡。由此可知实际上所能观测到的大气运动经常是趋于地转平衡的，说明非地转气流只能在局部区域才能出现。 * * * * 纬向平均动能的摩擦耗散项 涡动有效位能与涡动动能的转换项 纬向平均动能的摩擦耗散项 纬向平均有效位能与涡动有效位能的转换项 一般而言，纬向平均温度向北、向上递减。 向北输送暖空气、向南输送冷空气； 暖空气上升、冷空气下沉。 纬向平均非绝热加热产生的纬向平均有效位能项 扰动非绝热加热与扰动有效位能的转换项 能量转换开始于纬向平均有效位能通过扰动转换为涡动动能，最后转换为纬向平均动能。具体地说，能量转换可以定性地概括为： 1. 通过纬向平均辐射加热使大气膨胀，质量重心上移，产生纬向平均有效位能。 2. 扰动运动向北输送暖空气，向南输送冷空气，使纬向平均有效位能转变为涡动有效位能。这种转换取决于扰动热量输送和纬向平均温度的经向梯度的乘积。 3.通过扰动的垂直运动，是暖空气上升，冷空气下降，从而使涡动有效位能转变为涡动动能。 4. 通过扰动动量输送方向与纬向平均气流梯度方向的不同配置，使涡动动能与纬向平均动能发生转换。在斜槽情形下，涡度动能转换为纬向平均动能。 5. 能量由于地面摩擦和内摩擦及扰动中的向外辐射而损耗。 It should be emphasized that the direction of the various conversions cannot be theoretically deduced by reference to the energy equations alone. It also should be emphasized that the conversion terms given here are a result of the particular type of zonal average model used. The analogous energy equations for the TEM equations have rather different conversions. Thus, the energy transformations given in the present analysis should not be regarded as fundamental properties of the atmosphere, but rather as properties of the Eulerian mean system. Nevertheless, because the conventional Eulerian mean model is generally used as a basis for the study of baroclinic waves, the four-box energy diagram presented here does provide a useful framework for considering the role of weather disturbances in maintenance of the general circulation. The observed energy cycle as summarized in Fig. 10.13 suggests the following qualitative picture: 1. The zonal-mean diabatic heating generates mean zonal available potential energy through a net heating of the tropics and cooling of the polar regions. 2. Baroclinic eddies transport warm air poleward, cold air equatorward, and transform the mean available potential energy to eddy available potential energy. 3. At the same time eddy available potential energy is transformed into eddy kin