设计批评的尴尬境遇与建构理路.docxVIP

设计批评的尴尬境遇与建构理路 Embarrassing Circumstances and Constructing Theoretical Orderliness in Design Criticism LIU Yongtao1，2(1.School of Arts, Southeast University, Nanjing *****; 2.School of Design, Henan Institute of Engineering, Zhengzhou *****, China) Key words: design criticism; standards deficiency; causes; construction Abstract: Design has upgraded to a firstlevel discipline in the category of artistics. Design criticism, as one of the trunk in design, should play a strong pushing role in the current industrial practice and the theoretical construction in design. But, for such reasons as the constraints of preset standards in the production processes, much more accurate specialization of technological improvement and equal rights for persons to evaluate, the standards in design criticism are still unclear. Based on consensus deficiency in the standards, design criticism has been indulged in the embarrassing circumstances. The causes of unclear standards in design criticism are analyzed. From the perspective of the methodology, it is further put forward such principles of constructing theoretical orderlinesses as the contradiction analysis, the suitability; the nationality; the contemporaneity; the scientificity; the functionality; the ethicality and the futurity.  按照学术界一般的说法，设计理论、设计史和设计批评是构成设计学的三大主干。相对于设计史和设计理论的知识体系建构和理论发展，设计批评的理论和实践均比较薄弱。批评精神的坠毁、批评主体的缺席、焦虑的批评、隔靴搔痒的批评、拼凑抄袭式的批评、臆想胡诌式的批评、泼妇谩骂式的批评……批评自身“恶评”不断。在设计学上升为一级学科，设计产业迅猛发展的背景下，设计批评显得格外边缘化。建构设计批评的第一要义，乃是标准的确定。在设计批评标准问题上缺乏共识，是批评处于尴尬境地的重要原因。 一、设计批评何以可能 在所有关于“批评学”的研究中，批评标准问题始终是一个核心问题。理查兹的《文学批评原理》被西方批评界誉为现代文学批评的开山之作。他在这本书中指出，批评就是努力区分各种经验，并且评价这些经验。如果缺少对经验本质的理解，缺少关于价值和交流的理论，我们就无法进行批评。与价值相关的中心问题是：艺术的价值是什么？现代美学的一大弊病就是逃避对价值的思考，艺术所产生的经验是有价值的，艺术采用什么形式也与它们的价值有关。他认为：“一个优秀批评家的资格有三。首先，他必须善于准确地体验与艺术作品相关的心灵状态。其二，他必须能够区分经验之间的不甚明显的特征。其三，他必须对价值具有稳健的判断。”［1］ 如何来判断理查兹所提到的“价值”，就需要标准的建立。的确，任何批评包括设计批评不可能没有标准。马克思、恩格斯曾明确指出：“美学观点和历史观点”是文学批评“最高的标准。”［2］20世纪30年代，鲁迅提出：“我们曾经在文学批评史上见过没有一定圈子的批评