航海英语航海英语shiphandling-standardcommands.ppt

INTRODUCTION TO SHIPHANDLING I. Forces II. Terminology III. Standard Commands FORCES To understand shiphandling, we must first look at all the forces that affect a ship. ENGINES Power train: power source turns a shaft (through reduction gears), which turns a propeller Propellers may be fixed or controllable pitch: Fixed: Ship speed is controlled by shaft rpm only CPP: Ship speed is controlled by both shaft rpm and propeller blade pitch ENGINES Almost all Navy ships have one of three propulsion plants: Gas turbine (requires CPP): most surface combatants Diesel: Large auxiliaries, minesweepers Steam (Conventional or Nuclear): Older ships, aircraft carriers, submarines SIDE FORCE In addition to fore and aft thrust, propeller rotation also causes what is known as “side force”: Side force is a lateral force caused by propeller rotation. The direction of the force is the direction in which the propeller would “walk” along the bottom due to its rotation. SIDE FORCE SIDE FORCE AUXILIARY PROPULSION Bow thruster Hull-mounted, transverse propeller used to develop lateral thrust when pierside Normally found on larger ships Auxiliary Propulsion Unit (APU) Retractable, omni-directional propulsion unit Emergency propulsion for single-screw ships Can be used for pierside maneuvering RUDDERS Configuration: normally one rudder for each propeller, mounted directly astern of the propeller. Range of motion: 35° left or right of CL Hard rudder: 35° Full rudder: 30° Standard rudder: 15° RUDDERS Rudder effectiveness is dependent on flow velocity over the rudder surface. “Bare steerageway” is the minimum speed at which a rudder is still effective. This is generally 2 to 3 knots for most ships. Rudder angles must be reversed for astern operation MOORING LINES Lines are used next to a pier to control ship positioning. General terms: Breast line: limits lateral motion Spring line: limits fore/aft motion Each line has a specific name, indicating location, direction, and purpose Lines are numbe