核苷酸和核酸英文版.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 学习文档 学习文档 学习文档 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 9.4 DNA may be damaged by various reactive chemical agents. 9.4.1 Nitrous acid (HNO2) and bisulfite accelerate the deamination of bases like cytosine, adenine, and guanine. 9.4.2 Alkylating agents, like dimethylsulfate, add alkyl groups to bases (e.g., the enol tautomer of guanine), which change the base pairing patterns of the bases. 9.4.3 Excited-oxygen species (including H2O2, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals), generated from irradiation or aerobic metabolism, oxidize many groups causing strand breaking in DNA molecules. 学习文档 9.5 Some base analogs can be incorporated into DNA causing mutations. 9.5.1 5-bromouracil (thymine analog) and 2-aminopurine (adenine analog) when incorporated into DNA will be base paired to guanine and cytosine, respectively, thus causing mutations at replication. (?) 学习文档 9.6 Many carcinogenic compounds present in the environment cause cancers by damaging DNA. 9.6.1 There is a comprehensive DNA repair system in cells that greatly lessen the impact of all kinds of damage to DNA. 9.6.2 Repair systems for damaged RNA and proteins molecules have not been found. 学习文档 学习文档 学习文档 学习文档 学习文档 10. The nucleotide sequences of a DNA molecule is usually determined by Sanger’s dideoxy termination method. 10.1 The invention of DNA sequencing methods (in the late 1970s) were a result of improved understanding of nucleotide chemistry, DNA metabolism (especially DNA replication), and high-resolution electrophoresis methods. 10.1.1 Obtaining the nucleotide sequence of a short oligonucleotide was extremely difficult and very laborious before the unimaged easy Maxam-Gilbert (chemical cleavage) and Sanger (dideoxy) methods were invented. 学习文档 10.1.2 Both methods were based on the general principle of reducing the DNA to be sequenced to four sets of base-specific labeled segments. 10.1.3 The key to the establishment of