中级宏观经济学及财务管理知识分析.pptxVIP

Chapter 8The Instruments of Trade PolicyPrepared by Iordanis PetsasTo Accompany International Economics: Theory and Policy, Sixth Editionby Paul R. Krugman and Maurice ObstfeldChapter OrganizationIntroductionBasic Tariff AnalysisCosts and Benefits of a TariffOther Instruments of Trade PolicyThe Effects of Trade Policy: A SummarySummaryAppendix I: Tariff Analysis in General EquilibriumAppendix II: Tariffs and Import Quotas in the Presence of MonopolyIntroductionThis chapter is focused on the following questions:What are the effects of various trade policy instruments?Who will benefit and who will lose from these trade policy instruments?What are the costs and benefits of protection?Will the benefits outweigh the costs?What should a nation’s trade policy be?For example, should the United States use a tariff or an import quota to protect its automobile industry against competition from Japan and South Korea?Trade Expansion Trade Contraction PriceQuantity PriceQuantity Voluntary Import Expansion (VIE)Tariff Export taxImport quotaVoluntary Export Restraint (VER)Import subsidyExport subsidyIntroductionClassification of Commercial Policy Instruments Commercial Policy InstrumentsBasic Tariff AnalysisTariffs can be classified as:Specific tariffsTaxes that are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of goods importedExample: A specific tariff of $10 on each imported bicycle with an international price of $100 means that customs officials collect the fixed sum of $10.Ad valorem tariffsTaxes that are levied as a fraction of the value of the imported goodsExample: A 20% ad valorem tariff on bicycles generates a $20 payment on each $100 imported bicycle.Basic Tariff AnalysisA compound duty (tariff) is a combination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff. Modern governments usually prefer to protect domestic industries through a variety of nontariff barriers, such as:Import quotasLimit the quantity of importsExport restraintsLimit the quantity of exportsBasic Tariff AnalysisSuppl