文本参考说明生化课件h protein synthesis.pptxVIP

Protein synthesis (Section H)The molecular mechanism of protein synthesis was mainly revealed during the 2nd half of the 20th century Translation (protein synthesis) necessitates the coordinated interplay of about 300 macromolecules in the cells The most complex of all biosynthetic pathways.60 to 90 macromolecules for making up the protein-synthesizing machine ribosomesOver 20 enzymes for activating the amino acids. The molecules used for translation account for more than 35% of the cell’s dry weight. However, proteins are synthesized with very high efficiency: a complete polypeptide chain of 100 residues is synthesized in about 5 seconds in an E.coli cells at 37 ℃.Over 10 auxiliary proteins for the initiation, elongation and termination of the polypeptide chains.Account for up to 90% of the chemical energy used by a cell for all biosynthetic reactions.H1 The genetic code1. Amino acids in a polypeptide chain were found to be coded by groups of three nucleotides in a mRNASimple calculation indicated that three or more bases are probably needed to specify one amino acid.Genetic studies of insertion, deletion, and substitution mutants showed codons for amino acids are triplet of nucleotides; codons do not overlap and there is no punctuation between codons for successive amino acid residues.The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is defined by a linear sequence of contiguous codons: the first codon establishs a reading frame.Each mRNA molecule would have three potential reading frames (but only one usually codes for a polypeptide chain) . A reading frame codes for more than 50 amino acids without a stop codon is called an open reading frame (ORF), which has the potential of encoding a protein.2. All 64 triplet codes were deciphered by 196661 of the codons code for the 20 amino acids and three (UAA, UAG, UGA) for chain termination, called termination codons, stop codons, or nonsense codons).AUG is a dual codon coding for initiation and Met.18 of the amino acids are code