印度的IT产业发达.pptxVIP

問題印度的IT產業發達、人工便宜…泰國自排機車無人問津…東南亞設廠便宜，然而人工素質較低…大和燒肉捲、板烤米香堡 ― 產品差異化與製程設計問題…Wal-Mart的搬運設備與巴西的標準棧板不相容…跨國的關稅、滙率、貿易保護、基礎建設、文化…International IssuesIncreasing Globalization1/5 of output of US firms produced abroadUS Companies hold $500 Billion in foreign asset stocks (7% annual growth)1/4 of US imports between foreign affiliates and US parent companiesOver half of US companies increased the number of countries in which they operate (late 80’s to early 90’s)International IssuesTaxonomy of International Supply ChainsInternational distribution製造在本國，配銷與相關行銷活動在海外．International suppliers原料及零件的供應來自國外供應商，最後的裝配在本國進行．Offshore manufacturing產品在同一地區搜源與製造，最後運回國內的倉庫銷售及配銷．Fully integrated global supply chainInternational IssuesForces Driving Globalization (Dornier etc)Global Market ForcesTechnological ForcesGlobal Cost ForcesPolitical and Economic ForcesInternational IssuesPeople have “all become global citizens, and so must the companies that want to sell us things” (Kenichi Ohmae)International IssuesGlobal Market ForcesForeign competition in local markets為了成功防衛本國市場，公司會發現必須要進入國外市場…Acer為歐洲NB第一品牌…Growth in foreign demandGlobal presence as a defensive toolNestle’s and Kellogg’sPresence in state-of-the-art marketsJapan -- consumer electronicsGermany -- machine toolsUS: softwareInternational IssuesTechnological ForcesDiffusion of knowledgeMany high tech components developed overseasNeed close relationships with foreign suppliersTechnology sharing/collaborationsAccess to technology/marketsGlobal location of RD facilitiesClose to production (as cycles get shorter)Close to expertise (Indian programmers?)International IssuesGlobal Cost ForcesLow labor costDiminishing importance (Costs underestimated, benefits overestimated)Other cost prioritiesIntegrated supplier infrastructure (as suppliers become more involved in design)Skilled laborCapital intensive facilitiestax breaksjoint venturesprice breakscost sharingInternational IssuesPolitical and Economic Forces1Exchange rate fluctuations and operati