00831自考英语语法简答题.docx

00831自考英语语法简答题 00831自考英语语法简答题 PAGE 00831自考英语语法简答题 Chapter 1．Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order. 请给出语法单位等级结构图。 Hierarchy of grammatical units A text consists of one or more sentences A sentence consists of one or more clauses A clause consists of one or more phrases A phrase consists of one or more words A word consists of one or more morphemes A morpheme In grammatical terms, while a sentence is the largest unit (of a text), a word is the smallest, the lowest rank unit to which a grammatical function can be assigned. However, a sentence can team up with other sentences to form a larger linguistic unit-text, and a word is not the smallest meaningful element in the writing system. It can break into smaller elements which are called morphemes. So we have the above extended hierarchy of grammatical units. 2．Define morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, morph and allomorph. 请给词素，自由词素，粘附词素，形素和词素变体下定义。 1）What is a morpheme? A morpheme is the minimal distinctive grammatical unit, and is the lowest unit in grammatical hierarchy. Morphemes are actually abstract elements of analysis. What occurs is an orthographic form in writing termed morph which realizes the morpheme. 词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。词素是抽象的形式成分，在不同的环境中由若干不同的形素来体现。 2）What are free morpheme and bound morpheme? A free morpheme is a morpheme that has a meaning of its own and can be used independently. A free morpheme can be a simple word or the root of a derivative. A bound morpheme is a morpheme that doesnt have a meaning of its own and cant be used independently. Bound morphemes only possess additional or grammatical meanings. Generally speaking, free morphemes often carry the meaning and bound morphemes often show grammatical features. 3）What morph and allomorph? A morph is the realization of an orthographic form in writing or a phonetic form in speaking of a morpheme. An allomorph is an indistinctive variant of a morpheme. 3．Distinguish root, stem, and base as morphologi