生物医学U3APPT课件.ppt

;II.;What kind of effective defense mechanism are mentioned in the video?;;;;Para. 2: The Skin and Body Linings;Para. 3: Body Fluids / Cells;Para. 4: Fever;Paras.5-8: natural immune system;Para.9-11: Transition;Para. 12-13: active and passive immunity;“They must first overcome a number of effective barriers, many of which were established in the body prior to birth.” 他们必须首先突破多重有效的防御屏障。其中，多道屏障出生前就已经建立起来了。;In order to penetrate through the outer layer of skin, the pathogen must first survive the acidity of the skin. 为了能穿过皮肤的外层，病原体必须首先经受住???肤的酸性。 Having gained initial entry, the pathogen must then escape the internal mucosa of the body linings. 一旦进入人体，病原体然后必须避开衬于体腔的内粘膜。;Whether threatened by an invading organism, a physical object, or a chemical irritant, the body reacts in a similar way to defend itself. 不管威胁是来自入侵微生物，某一物体，还是化学刺激物，人体都以相同的方式作出反应以自我防卫。 The blood supply to the area increases, bringing more oxygen-carrying red blood cells known as erythrocytes to the area. 这一区域的血量供应增加,将更多的携带氧气的红细胞输送过来。;Specialized white blood cells known as leukocytes rush to the site of infection to fight the invading organism. Another type of white blood cell that is particularly effective in protecting the body, especially against bacterial infections, is the phagocyte. Meaning cells that eat, phagocytes rush to an infected area, engulf the invaders, and digest them. ;In addition to cell activity, various enzymes and compounds in the blood itself can kill an infectious organism by causing it to break open, destroying its cell wall, or preventing it from multiplying. 除了细胞活动外，血液中的各种酶和化合物可通过使细菌开裂，摧毁细菌细胞壁或阻止其繁殖等手段杀死感染细菌。;“Cilia, tiny hairlike projections that move in a sweeping action toward body cavities, attempt to sweep offending microorganisms toward areas where they can be eliminated.” 纤毛是细小毛发状的突起。它们以摆动方式朝体腔运动，试图将侵犯人体的细菌（微生物）扫向可以消灭它们的区域。;If the infection is localized, pus formation, redness, swelling, and irritation often occur. Fever is often caused by toxins secreted by the