沉管隧道介绍英文.pptxVIP

1;第1页/共44页; Immersed tunnels are, more advantegous as a subaquous solution in soft soils increasingly used alternative to traditionally used shield tunnelling, without having the risks associated with pressure chambers and inrush of water. also suitable in water deeper than it is possible with the shield method, which essentially is restricted to less than 30 m of water (concerning the maximum air pressure at which workers can safely work). Advantegous as there is less loss in height than with tunnelling deeply under the riverbed, and the tunnel may therefore be shorter overall.;The worlds longest and deepest application to date is the twin-tube subway crossing of San Francisco Bay, constructed between 1966 and 1971 with a length of 3.6 miles (5,8 km) in a maximum water depth of 41 m. The 100 m long, 15 m wide sections were constructed of steel plate and launched by shipbuilding procedures. The first tunnel of the concrete type was constructed in 1940 in Rotterdam under the Maas estuary.;The most profound effect of an immersed tunnel on the environment concerns the element it is meant to bypass—water. The influence of the tunnel on the groundwater and the surface water in the area plays a predominant role in the tunnel design and construction methods. An aspect of more recent concern affecting construction is the possible presence of contaminated soils that must be removed for the tunnel trench. Ways of removing these soils and transporting them to depositories that are especially equipped to receive them are environmental problems requiring novel techniques and quality control procedures. The more traditional environmental aspects are those encountered on any construction job: noise, dirt, and traffic hindrance. ;The top of the tunnel should be protected by adequate protective backfill, extending about 30 m on each side of the structure and confined within dykes or bunds. The fill must be protected against erosion by currents with a rock blanket, protective ro