近代分析实验原理：第四课-X射线衍射-2.pptVIP

* * Fig. 1 XRD patterns of (a) Bi0.74Ba0.30FeO3 and (b) Bi0.74Ba0.30Fe0.95Ti0.05O3. The peak marked by arrows indicates the impurity phase of Bi2Fe4O9. * Ref: X_Ray_Diffraction_by_Polycrystalline_Materials * * 轫致辐射,又称刹车辐射或制动辐射,韧，即“受力作用，受阻”, “轫”字原本是刹车的意思 * the emission wavelengths of a few materials commonly used in X-ray diffraction. Only the K radiations, which are the ones used, are shown. * The increase in power therefore implies an increase either of the diameter or of the anticathode’s rotation speed. Conventional sealed tubes are used at powers of about a few hundred Watts per square millimeter. In such conditions, the necessary exposure times, although highly dependent on the type of detector used and on the geometric configuration of the system, are commonly from a few tens of minutes up to several hours long (sometimes several days). It is important to reduce these exposure times, particularly when the samples are not stable or when conducting kinetic studies of structural evolution. It then becomes necessary to use a source of high intensity X-ray beams. When the particle is moving at a small speed, the emission is equivalent in every direction of space. On the contrary, if its speed is close to the speed of light, most of the emitted radiation is located in a cone characterized by a vertical opening Ψ = 1/γ. This very small divergence is characteristic of synchrotron radiation. This diagram shows that the beams produced by third generation synchrotrons are roughly 1012 times brighter than the ones emitted by rotating anode generators. * Therefore, it is important to choose a material whose absorption spectrum according to the wavelength shows a sharp decrease at a value very close to the wavelength of the anode’s Kα peak. In practice, the appropriate material is an element very close in Mendeleyev’s table to the one used in the anode. * In the case of copper, for example, at least 6 different peaks are observed [DEU 95; DEU 96; DIA 00]. However, the Kα