英语和汉语的差异.pdfVIP

1 1.中西方文化的差异 . Culture plays a very important role in communication, especially cross-cultural communication. 2 Culture, language and communication It is well known that culture is one of those words that people use all the time but have trouble defin ing. It ’s used in widely different contexts in the social science, anthropology as well as in the humanities. One of the most common points is that culture includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Culture and language are closely related. Language is the carrier of culture, which not only embodies and reflects culture, but also is influenced and shaped by culture. Therefore, the use of language is restricted by the rules of culture. Communication and culture are also inseparable. People learn to communicate through the influence of culture .Intercultural communication is more difficult than communication among people with the same culture. 2 英语和汉语的差异 在实践中，由于受不同的传统习惯、思维方式、历史文化等的影响，英语和汉语都具有自己独特的表 达方式，并不能简单地直接转化。 一、英语重形合 汉语重意合 就整体结构和表达方式而言，英语是一种形合性的语言，而汉语则是一种意合性的语言。英语的句子 一般是按照固定的结构和方式来组织和表达的， 偏重于形式； 汉语的句子则是按照其字词的含义来组 合和连接的，表达方式灵活多变，偏重于语意。英语句子之间的关系可以通过时态、标点符号、连接 词等表示得一清二楚；而汉语句子之间的关系则要靠句子本身的语意来表现。 【例 1】 Another attempt, and youll succeed. 【译文】再试一次，你就会成功。 或：只要再试一次，你就会成功。 【分析】本句是一个由 and 连接的简单并列句，一般将来时态明确表明了两句间的动作关系。但汉语 译文就比较灵活，句子之间的关系主要靠语意来表达，关联词可译（括号内译文）也可不译，习惯于 不译。 【例2】 Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer. 【译文】现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的可携 式微型计算机。 【分析】本句是由一个主句、一个定语从句和一个分词状语组成的主从复合句。主句用现在完成时， 定语从句用一般现在时，再加一个由 thus 连接的现在分词短语作状语，通过时态、逗号、关联词和 现在分词短语把各句之间的关系表达得非常清楚。 而汉语则在对各句简单陈述的基础上， 通过调整语