资料课件有机化学17chapter alcohols and phenols.pptx

Chapter 17Alcohols and PhenolsAlcohols and PhenolsAlcohols contain an OH group connected to a saturated C (sp3)They are important solvents and synthesis intermediatesPhenols contain an OH group connected to a carbon in a benzene ringMethanol, CH3OH, called methyl alcohol, is a common solvent, a fuel additive, produced in large quantitiesEthanol, CH3CH2OH, called ethyl alcohol, is a solvent, fuel, beveragePhenol, C6H5OH (“phenyl alcohol”) has diverse uses - it gives its name to the general class of compoundsOH groups bonded to vinylic sp2-hybridized carbons are called enolsWhy this Chapter?To begin to study oxygen-containing functional groupsThese groups lie at the heart of biological chemistry17.1 Naming Alcohols and PhenolsGeneral classifications of alcohols based on substitution on C to which OH is attachedMethyl (C has 3 H’s), Primary (1°) (C has two H’s, one R), secondary (2°) (C has one H, two R’s), tertiary (3°) (C has no H, 3 R’s) IUPAC Rules for Naming AlcoholsSelect the longest carbon chain containing the hydroxyl group, and derive the parent name by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -ol Number the chain from the end nearer the hydroxyl groupNumber substituents according to position on chain, listing the substituents in alphabetical order Naming PhenolsUse “phenol” (the French name for benzene) as the parent hydrocarbon name, not benzeneName substituents on aromatic ring by their position from OH17.2 Properties of Alcohols and PhenolsThe structure around O of the alcohol or phenol is similar to that in water, sp3 hybridized.Alcohols and phenols have much higher boiling points than similar alkanes and alkyl halides.A positively polarized ?OH hydrogen atom from one molecule is attracted to a lone pair of electrons on a negatively polarized oxygen atom of another molecule.This produces a force that holds the two molecules togetherThese intermolecular attractions are present in solution but not in the gas phase, thus elevating the boilin