新时代核心英语教程综合英语4教学课件U8.pptxVIP

;8;;;;;;Principles of Economics Text A is an excerpt of “The Substance of Economics,” a chapter in the first part of this book. It is a leading economic textbook written by Alfred Marshall, first published in 1890. It ran into many editions and languages and is still in reproduction. The book consists of six parts, dealing with preliminary survey of economics, the fundamental notions in economics, the wants and their satisfaction, the agents of production, land, labor, capital, and organization, and the general relations of demand, supply, and value, and the distribution of the national income. The excerpt is a fundamental introduction to what economics is.;;;1. And it is true that the best energies of the ablest inventors and organizers of improved methods and appliances are stimulated by a noble emulation more than by any love of wealth for its own sake. (Para. 1) Paraphrase: The best men display their best energies at work because of the noble ambition to win rather than the material rewards. The author uses “the best” and “the ablest” to indicate that only a minority of people display their best energies out of a noble emulation.;2. But the motive is supplied by a definite amount of money: And it is this definite and exact money measurement of the steadiest motives in business life, which has enabled economics far to outrun every other branch of the study of man. (Para. 1) Paraphrase: The motive is contributed to by a set amount of money, and it is this precise money measurement of the steadiest motives in business life that has allowed economics to go further in studying mankind than any other branch. ;3. It concerns itself chiefly with those desires, aspirations and other affections of human nature, the outward manifestations of which appear as incentives to action in such a form that the force or quantity of the incentives can be estimated and measured with some approach to accuracy; and which therefore are in some degree amenable to treatment by scientific m