成果生化上biochemistry-chapter1英文2.pptxVIP

1.5 Basic Phenomena of living systems1.5.1 The Chemical Elements of Life1.5.2 Many Important Biomolecules Are Polymers1.5.3 The Energetics of Life 1.5.4 Biochemistry and Evolution1.5.5 The Cell Is the Basic Unit of Life1.5.1 The Chemical Elements of Life★ The elemental composition of living matter differs markedly from the relative abundance of elements in the earth’s. ★ Only six nonmetallic elements--Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur—account for more than 97% of the weight of most organisms. ★ Water is a major component of cells and accounts for the high percentage of oxygen. A total of 29 different elements are commonly found in living organisms.These include five ions that are essential in all species:Ca,K,Na,Mg and Cl.★ Biomolecules Are Carbon Compounds.★ Biochemical reactions involve specific chemical bonds and funcional groups—ester, ether, amide, phosphate esrer and phosphoanhydride likages. ★ The major precursors for the formation of biomolecules are water, carbon dioxide, and three inorganic nitrogen compounds———ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), and dinitrogen (N2). Some functional groups of biomoleculesExamples（肾上腺素）1.5.2 Many Important Biomolecules Are PolymersMacromolecules (biopolymers) are composed of building blocks (monomers)Proteins----amino acidsNucleic acids----nucleotidesPolysaccharides----sugarsLipids----fatty acids, glycerol and choline etc.A topological model of the A. thaliana monosaccharide transporter Biomolecules Have Characteristic Three-Dimensional StructureIgG Covalent bonds hold atoms together so that molecules are formed. In contrast, weak chemical forces or noncovalent bonds are intramolecular or intermolecular attractions between atoms. Weak Forces Maintain Biological Structure and Determine Biomolecular Interactions Hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces, Ionic interactions, Hydrophobic interactionsWeak ForcesStructural Complementarity Determines Biomolecular Interactions and recognition. This pri