《财政学》（第8版）课件：lecture2 public goods and tis application.pptVIP

Public Goods Defined 纯公共产品(Pure public goods)同时具有消费非竞争性与受益非排他性的产品 非竞争性（Nonrival） – 增加一个人消费时引致的边际成本为零 非排他性(Nonexcludable) – 阻止他人消费该商品是不可能的、或代价非常高的 Valuation of Public Goods 1.每个人消费相同数量的公共品 2.但获得的边际收益却因人而异 3.非纯公共品或准公共品：在一定程度上具有非竞争性与非排他性，如景点 4.公共品不一定要由公共部门提供，私人品也不一定由私人部门提供. 5.一种物品由公共部门提供并不意味着由公共部门进行生产。 6.在传统上不被认为是商品的东西具有公共品的特征，如诚实、收入分配等 Types of Goods Efficient Provision of Private Goods 考虑总需求曲线的获得： 每个人的需求曲线都代表其对某个特定数量的意愿支付(willingness-to-pay) 保持价格P不变: 将每个人相应的需求量进行加总,于是就可以得到相应价格下的总需求量Q 横向加总 Efficient Provision of Private Goods Equilibrium in Private Goods Market 均衡状态是供给曲线与需求曲线相交时对应的状态 每个人支付相同的价格, P 每个人消费不同的数量, Qi 是帕累托有效的 当无花果的价格以苹果来衡量时有： Efficient Provision of Public Goods 考虑一种公共品的消费：烟花表演. 大型的表演给人以较高的收益. 保持数量Q不变，将每个人的意愿支付加总，从而得到总价格水平 P. 纵向加总. Efficient Provision of Public Goods Efficiency in Public Goods Market 每个人消费相同的数量, Q. 每个人获得的边际收益是不同的. 效率要求每个人获得的边际收益之和等于边际成本. 当无花果的价格以苹果来衡量时有： Summary of efficiency public and private goods Numerical Example Consider 2 individuals, Adam and Eve, who have the following inverse demand curves and face a marginal cost curve below. Calculate the equilibrium quantity and price Numerical Example, Private Good If the good was a private good, then the aggregate demand curve is: With a private good, everyone pays the same price. Numerical Example, Private Good In a competitive market, P=MC Approximately 133 units of the private good are provided at a price of $88. Adam consumes around 22 units, and Eve consumes around 111 units. Numerical Example, Public Good Suppose instead that the good is a public good. The aggregate demand curve is: With a public good, everyone consumes the same quantity. Numerical Example, Public Good Efficient provision would require: P=MC Efficient provision would imply that Adam Eve consume 138.46 units of the public good. Private market may not arrive at this allocation, however. Problems Achieving Efficiency 对于公共品，人们存在隐藏其偏好的激励. 如果Adam促使 Eve为公共品进行支付, 他就可以无成本地享受这个公共品，而把其收入用于别的支出. 于是Eve的选择就成为