工商管理专业英语第二版课件.pptx

;Glossary;approach: n. The method used in dealing with or accomplishing方法 contingency: n. A possibility that must be prepared for; a future emergency. 变化的情况 confrontation：n. Discord or a clash of opinions and ideas: 不和观点或思想的不和或冲撞： compromise: v. Something that combines qualities or elements of different things: 折衷 turnover: n. The number of workers hired by an establishment to replace those who have left in a given period of time. 人员更替数 dynamic: adj. Characterized by continuous change, activity, or progress: 不断变化的 incur: v. To acquire or come into (something usually undesirable); sustain: 获得 interdependent: adj. Mutually dependent: 互相依存的;;Key Terms and Concepts;Management Science Approach: Also known as Management Science School 管理学科学（研究）方法. A body of literature characterized by its use if mathematical and statistic techniques to build models for the solution of production and operations problems. The approach’s primary means for acquiring knowledge is mathematical deduction. Contingency or Situational Approach (to Management): （管理学）权变（研究）方法： An analysis of management that emphasizes the fact that what managers do in practice depends on upon a given set of circumstances or the “situation” and that there is no single “best way” to manage.;;Now, however, other individuals also are interested in management for scientific reasons. Social and behavioral scientists view the management of organizations as an extremely important social phenomenon worthy of study through scientific inquiry. As scientists, these men and women make no value judgments regarding good or bad management practices. Their objective is to understand and explain the practice of management. Between the two extremes of management practice and management science are many individuals who have contributed to the study of management. They include engineers, sociologists, psychologists, anthropologists, lawyers, economists, accountants, mathematicians, political scientists, and phil