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If many signals are to be processed by a single A/D and a digital controller, then these input signals must be fed to the controller through a multiplexer. Is a multiple switch that sequentially switches among input channels in some prescribed fashion. At a given instant of time, only one switch is in the “on” position. When the switch is on in a given input channel, the input signal is connected to the output of the multiplexer for a specified period of time. 1-4 Data Acquisition, Conversion and Distribution Systems * 第二十八页，共五十七页。 1-4 Data Acquisition, Conversion and Distribution Systems * 第二十九页，共五十七页。 Demultiplexer Separates the composite output digital data from the digital controller into the original channels Sample-and-Hold Circuits Sampler: covert an analog signal into a train of amplitude-modulated pulses. Hold circuit: hold the value of the sampled pulse signal over a specified period of time 1-4 Data Acquisition, Conversion and Distribution Systems * 第三十页，共五十七页。 two operation modes The tracking mode: the switch is closed, i.e., the input signal is connected The hold mode: the switch is open, i.e., the input signal is disconnected When the sampling duration is negligible, the sampler may be considered an ideal sampler 1-4 Data Acquisition, Conversion and Distribution Systems * 第三十一页，共五十七页。 1-4 Data Acquisition, Conversion and Distribution Systems Figure 1-7 Sample-and-hold circuit * 第三十二页，共五十七页。 1-4 Data Acquisition, Conversion and Distribution Systems Figure 1-8 Tracking mode and hold mode * 第三十三页，共五十七页。 Analog-to-Digital Converters The process by which a sampled analog signal is quantized and converted to a binary number. Types of frequently used A/D Converters Successive-approximation type Integrating type Counter type Parallel type Selection criterions of A/D converters Conversion speed, accuracy, size and cost 1-4 Data Acquisition, Conversion and Distribution Systems * 第三十四页，共五十七页。 Counter type A/D (the simplest A/D) Clock pulses are applied to t