电子社现代控制理论基础（英文版）（第2版）mooc课件3-2.pptx

Dynamical systems which are described by difference equations, rather than by differential equations, are referred to as discrete-time systems. These systems can be arose :;;Linear discrete-time systems are usually described by the difference equation or the pulse transfer function.;;Example 2.3;Example 2.4;Obtaining state equations from z-transfer functions for discrete-time system is also similar to the continuous-time case. Several forms of the state equations, such as the controllable canonical form, the observable canonical form, diagonal form and Jordan canonical form, can be derived, depending on whether the transfer function is used directly in the given polynomial form, or if it is factored and expanded using partial fractions.;The state-space equations of the discrete-time system are;;;Solution of the discrete-time state equation ;Solution of the discrete-time state equation