LECTURE竞争性市场与一般均衡平狄克微观经济学.pptxVIP

LECTURE竞争性市场与一般均衡平狄克微观经济学会计学第1页/共85页一、竞争性市场 第2页/共85页完全竞争市场 完全竞争市场的条件：价格接受者：单个厂商产出占市场总供给的很小份额，因此无法影响市场价格；单个消费者购买的产品占市场需求的很小份额，因此无法影响市场价格。产品同质性：所有厂商的产品是完全可替代的。自由进出入：买方可无成本地从一个厂商转向另一个厂商；厂商可无成本进入退出某个产业。 第3页/共85页财富效应消费者剩余和厂商剩余：在一个竞争性市场中的各自份额 ，PP5；政府政策的财富效应： 因政府干预市场而导致的收益或损失，通过消费者剩余和厂商剩余的增减得到衡量。 政府制定价格高限，产生无谓损失。PP6当消费者的需求具有足够低的弹性时，政府限价在降低厂商剩余的同时，还可能给消费者带来消费者剩余的绝对下降 。PP7政府制定价格低限，同样产生无谓损失。PP8 10ConsumerSurplusS7Between 0 and Q0 consumers A and Breceive a net gain from buying the product--consumer surplus5ProducerSurplusBetween 0 and Q0 producers receive a net gain from selling each product--producer surplus.DQ0Consumer AConsumer BConsumer C第4页/共85页Consumer and Producer SurplusPrice0QuantitySuppose the governmentimposes a price ceiling Pmaxwhich is below the market-clearing price P0.SDeadweight LossThe gain to consumers isthe difference betweenthe rectangle A and thetriangle B.BP0CAThe loss to producers isthe sum of rectangleA and triangle C. TriangleB and C together measurethe deadweight loss.PmaxDQ1Q0Q2第5页/共85页Change in Consumer andProducer Surplus from Price ControlsPriceQuantityIf demand is sufficientlyinelastic, triangle B can be larger than rectangleA and the consumer suffers a net loss fromprice controls.DBSP0CExampleOil price controlsand gasoline shortagesin 1979APmaxQ1Q2第6页/共85页Effect of Price ControlsWhen Demand Is InelasticPriceQuantityWhen price is regulated to be no lower than P2 only Q3will be demanded. Thedeadweight loss is givenby triangles B and CSP2ABP0CWhat would the deadweightloss be if QS = Q2?DQ3Q0Q2第7页/共85页Welfare Loss When PriceIs Held Above Market-Clearing LevelPriceQuantity第8页/共85页竞争性市场的效率 市场失灵：外部性：市场价格无法反映的成本收益内容；信息缺失：不完美信息导致消费者无法做出效用最大化决策。在这种情况下政府干预市场将有可能增进效率；相反，在市场并未失灵的情况下政府干预将导致市场效率降低和无谓损失。 If producers produce Q2, the amount Q2 - Q3will go unsold.SThe change in producersurplus will beA - C - D. Producersmay be worse off.PminABP0CDDQ3Q0Q2第9页/共85页Price MinimumPriceQuantityFirms are not allowed topay less than wmin. Thisresults in unemploymen